What is anionic polyacrylamide (PAM)?

Anionic polyacrylamide (PAM) possesses interconnected and active groups that establish robust bonds with the surface of suspended colloids, promoting the formation of coarse particles among the suspended solids and a mixture of insoluble particles in water (Irfan et al. 2017).

What happens when Pam reacts with metal cations?

Under low pH conditions, anionic PAM molecules react with metal cations, forming insoluble metal complexes. Conversely, in alkaline conditions, the coagulant adsorbs organic matter within flocs created from metal hydroxides, facilitating settling (Kumar et al. 2010; El-Naas et al. 2010).

What is the most effective dosage for polyaluminum chloride (PAC) & aluminum sulfate (FEC?

The findings revealed that the most effective dosages for polyaluminum chloride (PAC), aluminum sulfate (Al 2 (SO 4) 3), and ferric chloride (FeCl 3) were 20, 10, and 20 mg/L, respectively.

How effective is Pac at pH 7?

The heightened efficacy of PAC at pH 7 is attributed to the positively charged Al hydroxide floc species within the pH range of 5–7. Consequently, these species neutralize charges and facilitate the adsorption of organic pollutants and solids, thereby enhancing overall removal efficiency.

Does polyaluminum chloride remove turbidity?

The study compares the efficacy of polyaluminum chloride and polyacrylamide in removing turbidity, representing the number of suspended solids, under varying pH, mixing time, temperature, oil, and suspended solids conditions. Optimizing these parameters is crucial for enhancing the coagulation treatment’s efficiency.

What is polymeric aluminum chloride?

Polymeric aluminum chloride (PAC) is characterized as an inorganic macromolecule, with its monomers forming a binuclear complex of aluminum. In aqueous environments, this compound further develops into polynuclear complexes.