What is anionic polyacrylamide (PAM)?

Anionic polyacrylamide (PAM) possesses interconnected and active groups that establish robust bonds with the surface of suspended colloids, promoting the formation of coarse particles among the suspended solids and a mixture of insoluble particles in water (Irfan et al. 2017).

What is the most effective dosage for polyaluminum chloride (PAC) & aluminum sulfate (FEC?

The findings revealed that the most effective dosages for polyaluminum chloride (PAC), aluminum sulfate (Al 2 (SO 4) 3), and ferric chloride (FeCl 3) were 20, 10, and 20 mg/L, respectively.

How effective is Pac at pH 7?

The heightened efficacy of PAC at pH 7 is attributed to the positively charged Al hydroxide floc species within the pH range of 5–7. Consequently, these species neutralize charges and facilitate the adsorption of organic pollutants and solids, thereby enhancing overall removal efficiency.

What is polymeric aluminum chloride?

Polymeric aluminum chloride (PAC) is characterized as an inorganic macromolecule, with its monomers forming a binuclear complex of aluminum. In aqueous environments, this compound further develops into polynuclear complexes.

How does flocculation affect treatment duration?

Following this, during flocculation, the destabilized particles unite to create larger flocs through collision, adhesion, and aggregation processes. The effective occurrence of these processes within a specific timeframe is a crucial determinant in establishing the overall treatment duration.

Does pH affect coagulation and flocculation?

In the coagulation and flocculation process, pH emerges as a critical parameter, significantly influencing the hydrolysis balance. The heightened efficacy of PAC at pH 7 is attributed to the positively charged Al hydroxide floc species within the pH range of 5–7.