What happens if a paper is not retained?

What isn't retained is lost increasing the production cost and adding to the environmental load. Retention is a measure of raw material utilization. First-pass retention relates to the efficiency of the wet end. True retention relates to the efficiency of the total papermaking system.

How does a retention aid agglomerate with a negative charge?

Due to the high positive charge density of retention aids‚ they adsorbed on the surface of negatively charged particles through ion bonds‚ forming so-called ‘patch’ [ 110 ]. These positive charge patches will agglomerate with the negative charge of another particle by “bridging” (see Figure 5 ). Mechanism diagrams of “Patch” and “Bridging”.

What is the retention effect of CPAM?

The retention effect of CPAM is influenced by its charge density and molecular weight. ACPAM is widely used in papermaking owing to its anti-polyelectrolyte effect [ 64, 65, 66, 67 ], which means its viscosity increases with the increase in salt ion concentration.

Can amphoteric polyacrylamide be used as a retention aid?

A study on the synthesis and application of an inverse emulsion of amphoteric polyacrylamide as a retention aid in papermaking. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2002;84:343–350. doi: 10.1002/app.10340.

What is the retention effect of cspam?

The retention effect of CSPAM revealed that the highest first-pass retention was 71.1% when the dosage of CSPAM was 3.5 mg·g −1. Schematic representations of synthesis process of SPBs ( A) and cationization process of SPAM ( B ). Copied from De Gruyter [ 193 ].

Does salt affect cationic retention aid drainage?

Salt did not affect drainage for cationic retention aids, but reduced the drainage rate for PEO. Drainage with PEO was considerably slower than for other retention aids.