What is hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM)?

Materials Hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM) was provided by Shandong Polymer Biochemicals CO., Ltd. China. It has molecular weight of 24 million with 25% degree of hydrolysis.

How is partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide treated?

Dong L, Su F, Wang YZ. Treatment of partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide by mixed bacteria isolated from wastewater. Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy. 2020;39 (6):e13445. doi: 10.1002/ep.13445. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

Does polyacrylamide hydrolysis lead to syneresis?

In addition, considerable hydrolysis of Polyacrylamide (PAAm) results into syneresis. It is obvious that overwhelming syneresis of polymer gel leads to 90% expulsion of contained water in the gel network.

Is polyacrylamide soluble in water?

Polyacrylamide (PAM) is a synthetic polymer of long-chain acrylamide subunits, high molecular weight (1000 to 20 × 10 6 g/mol), and a wide range degree of hydrolysis (Abidin et al., 2012; Joshi & Abed, 2017). It is extremely soluble in water, but not soluble in organic solvents, such as methanol and hydrocarbons (Lu & Wu, 2002; Braun et al., 2022).

Can HPAM be converted into acrylamide?

The potential toxicity of HPAM is neglected, but after natural or chemical degradation, it can be converted into acrylamide (CH 2 = CHCONH 2, Fig. 3). Acrylamide is a toxic chemical that endangers the local ecosystem and human health (Bao et al., 2010; Elshafie et al., 2017; Liu et al., 2016).

Is HPAM a water soluble polymer?

HPAM is a water-soluble, commonly injected polymer into oil reservoirs to improve the water flooding process (Xue et al., 2022; Zhao et al., 2008).