What is hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM)?

Hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM), a derivative resulting from the hydrolysis of PAM, demonstrates significant thickening capabilities in freshwater and at relatively lower temperatures (<75 °C) due to strong intra- and inter-chain electrostatic repulsion of carboxylate groups 14.

What is a cationic polyacrylamide copolymer (Pam)?

Inclusion in an NLM database does not imply endorsement of, or agreement with, the contents by NLM or the National Institutes of Health. Cationic polyacrylamide copolymers (PAMs) are used for sludge dewatering in municipal waste water treatment and might enter the environment by spreading of the sludge on agricultural land.

What is high molecular weight polyacrylamide (PAM)?

Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative High molecular weight (106–3 × 107 Da) polyacrylamide (PAM) is commonly used as a flocculant in water and wastewater treatment, as a soil conditioner, and as a viscosity modifier and friction reducer in both enhanced oil recovery and high volume hydraulic fracturing.

Are cationic polyacrylamide copolymers bad for the environment?

Cationic polyacrylamide copolymers (PAMs) are used for sludge dewatering in municipal waste water treatment and might enter the environment by spreading of the sludge on agricultural land. Concern has been expressed since little is known about the degradation of PAMs in soils.

How do cations affect the hydrolysis of Pam/HPAM polymers?

These cations not only can form complexes (gels or precipitates) with the carboxylic groups with HAPM to alter their rheological and phase properties, they can also catalyze the amide hydrolysis reaction to increase the degree of hydrolysis of PAM/HPAM polymers.

What is thermal stability of water soluble polyacrylamide (PAM) and partially hydrolyzed polymers?

Thermal stability of water-soluble polyacrylamide (PAM) and partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM) polymers under various solution conditions have been studied utilizing Quantum Mechanics Density Functional Theory (DFT) computational modeling method.