What is a cationic or anionic friction reducer?

The large volumes of water pumped, and high rates required, result in high friction pressures from turbulent fluid flow. Cationic or anionic friction reducers reduce turbulence and prevent friction losses.

Does friction reducer (polyacrylamide) influence calcite dissolution (pore generation)?

This study is more about rate comparison between with or without PAM, and thus provides key information on friction reducer (polyacrylamide) influenced calcite dissolution (pore generation) and benefits the design of hydraulic fracturing fluids.

What is a friction reducer additive?

Formulations for friction reducer additives usually contain polyacrylamide, a water-soluble polymer that reduces friction and boosts the viscosity of the hydraulic fluid. The reduced friction increases pump efficiency, and the increased viscosity helps keep proppant in suspension and evenly distributed throughout the fluid.

Can friction reducer polymer reduce turbulent friction drag?

Friction reducer polymer can decrease the turbulent friction drag by avoiding the formation of a vortex ( Sun et al., 2014 ), thus decreasing friction and promoting laminar flow ( Motiee et al., 2016; Yang et al., 2019 ).

What type of friction reducer is used in hydraulic fracturing?

In hydraulic fracturing fluids, high molecular weight (normally over 10 6 Da) polyacrylamide (PAM) (long chain polymer, linear structure) is the most commonly applied friction reducer with high water solubility and good thermal stability ( Xiong et al., 2018a; Yang et al., 2019 ).

Does polyacrylamide reduce calcite?

Polyacrylamide polymer is a common friction reducer in hydraulic fracturing fluids. The aggregation of calcite powders is induced by polyacrylamide polymer. Non-ionic polyacrylamide polymer retards calcite dissolution.