What are anionic polyacrylamides?

Anionic polyacrylamides (PAMs) are a class of synthetic water-soluble polymers (composed of long chains of acrylamide monomer) used as flocculants. They are available in dry powder form, liquid emulsion, and gelatinous blocks.

What is the optimal dose of anionic polyacrylamide?

Optimal dose of anionic polyacrylamide: 25 mg l −1 when ferric sulphate is used as coagulant, 75 mg l −1 when the coagulant is aluminium sulphate and 20 mg l −1 for PAX-18. The results obtained are affected to a marked degree by pH.

What is the optimal pH range for anionic polyacrylamide?

When anionic polyacrylamide was used the elimination efficiency of COD, BOD 5 and TSS was very similar. Its use led to slightly higher performance except at the lowest pH value studied. In the case of the last coagulant studied, PAX-18, the optimal pH range was between 5 and 8.

Can anionic polyacrylamide be used as coagulant aid with ferric sulphate and polyaluminium chloride?

It is important to point out that the optimal coagulant dose can be reduced when anionic polyacrylamide is used as coagulant aid with ferric sulphate and polyaluminium chloride, thus decreasing treatment costs. 3.10. Mechanisms of the process

What are the advantages of anionic polyacrylamide?

The use of anionic polyacrylamide increases the flocculation efficiency of the coagulant, increasing the settling speed, reducing the amount of coagulant required for the treatment and lowering the cost of the coagulation-flocculation process. This work was financially supported by a grant from the Ministry of Education and Science of Spain.

How to apply granular Pam?

Prepare soil surface (i.e. fill rills, gullies). Preferred application is with seed or other ground cover rather than alone on bare soil. Surface wetting following application of granular PAM should be done through controlled watering (rather than awaiting rainfall).