What is glyoxalated polyacrylamide (G-Pam)?

Glyoxalated polyacrylamide (G-PAM) is used in a variety of paper grades to provide paper with dry and temporary wet strength. For example, glyoxalated polyacrylamide increases the initial wet strength of many household tissues which come in contact with water in use.

What is glyoxalated polyacrylamide?

Glyoxalated polyacrylamide is often the acknowledged by the acronym G-PAM, the new generation of polymers are obtained by a cross-linking reaction between different polyacrylamide backbone and glyoxal. This new generation of recently developed G-PAM products range from a low to a medium cationic charge.

How is D-GPAM glyoxalated?

Generally, d-gPAMs are glyoxalated at a concentration of 8%–13%, the pH is raised to allow for reaction between acrylamide residues and glyoxal, and then the reaction pH is reduced with acid to stop the reaction after a given vis-cosity increase. Indeed, if the reaction were not quenched, it would form a highly crosslinked gel and become unus-able.

Is glyoxalated polyacrylamide a cationic monomer?

The exemplified glyoxalated polyacrylamide products in U.S. Pat. No. 4,605,702 have a concentration of about 20% by weight cationic monomer, but were indicated as being used in much higher dosages to compare wet strength properties with exemplified products in U.S. Pat. No. 3,556,932.

Are polyacrylamides a strength additive?

polyacrylamides (gPAMs) have a long history as strength additives in papermaking dat-ing back to the first published description of the material in 1957 and the first granted patent in 1971 . In the ensuing decades, gPAMs found broad use as dry strength and temporary wet strength additives in commer-cial papermaking.

Does glyoxalation increase mol fraction of cationic monomer and CPAM mw?

be produced by careful consideration of reaction kinetics during the glyoxalation. While it would be nominally ex-pected that increasing the mol fraction of cationic monomer and cPAM Mw would have a direct influence on the appli-cation performance, it is found that this is only true once the reaction conditions to make the gPAM are optimized.