What is partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (PHPA)?

Partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (PHPA) is a widely used polymer in the oil and gas industry due to its lesser cost and good water solubility. PHPA is used as a functional additive in water-based drilling fluids. The PHPA mud system stabilizes shale formations and influences cuttings and wellbore stability.

Which polymer is used to produce partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM)?

PAM is used to produce partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM), which is linear, anionic, water-soluble, stable, polymeric, and high molecular weight chain of acrylamide (C 3 H 5 NO) monomers (Bao et al., 2010; Braun et al., 2022; Liu et al., 2016; Xiong et al., 2018).

Which polymers are used in oil fields?

Polymers, such as partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM), are widely used in oil fields to enhance or improve the recovery of crude oil from the reservoirs. It works by increasing the viscosity of the injected water, thus improving its mobility and oil recovery.

How is partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide wastewater treated?

Yongrui, Pi., Zheng, Z., Bao, M., Li, Y., Zhou, Y., & Sang, G. (2015). Treatment of partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide wastewater by combined fenton oxidation and anaerobic biological processes.

Is polyacrylamide soluble in water?

Polyacrylamide (PAM) is a synthetic polymer of long-chain acrylamide subunits, high molecular weight (1000 to 20 × 10 6 g/mol), and a wide range degree of hydrolysis (Abidin et al., 2012; Joshi & Abed, 2017). It is extremely soluble in water, but not soluble in organic solvents, such as methanol and hydrocarbons (Lu & Wu, 2002; Braun et al., 2022).

Are polyacrylamide-degrading bacterial strains isolated from soil?

Two polyacrylamide-degrading bacterial strains were isolated from soil, Bacillus sphaericus and Acinetobacter sp., utilizing 16–19% polyacrylamide after 14 days of cultivation (Matsuoka et al., 2002).