What is high molecular weight polyacrylamide (PAM)?

Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative High molecular weight (106–3 × 107 Da) polyacrylamide (PAM) is commonly used as a flocculant in water and wastewater treatment, as a soil conditioner, and as a viscosity modifier and friction reducer in both enhanced oil recovery and high volume hydraulic fracturing.

What type of polymer is Pam?

PAM (and its modified forms) is the principal polymer used in significant amounts on a commercial basis. Usually, anionic versions of PAM are used rather than the nonionic homopolymer itself. By far, poly (acrylamide- co -acrylic acid) is the most common, and the nomenclature PAM/AA is used in this chapter to refer to this group of polymers.

What is the standard state of polyacrylamide?

Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). ?) Polyacrylamide (abbreviated as PAM or pAAM) is a polymer with the formula (-CH 2 CHCONH 2 -). It has a linear-chain structure. PAM is highly water-absorbent, forming a soft gel when hydrated.

What is the molecular weight of Pam?

The molecular weight (MW) of commercial PAM ranges from 10 5 to >10 7 Da. High MW PAM (>10 6 Da) has a wider range of applications due to its high viscosity, drag reduction capabilities, and water retention characteristics. 6, 7, 8 PAM is widely used in environmental systems including: 1. 2. 3.

How much polyacrylamide (PAM/AA) is used in incremental oil recovery?

Estimated total PAM/AA consumption is 3,986,000 lb t o recover a predicted 2,700,000 bbl of incremental oil. The amount of polyacrylamide (solids basis) required for the pilot test was 1.07 lb PAM/AA per bbl of incremental oil. This has been increased to 1.48 lb PAM/AA per bbl of incremental oil in the design of the commercial project.

Why is Pam/AA a good polymer?

Thus, the end result is a reduction in the permeability to the displacement fluid. According to equation (8-1) this serves to improve the mobility ratio. The retention property is distinctive of PAM/AA. It represents an advantage of PAM/AA over the other major EOR polymer, i.e., xanthan gum.