What is high molecular weight polyacrylamide (PAM)?

Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative High molecular weight (106–3 × 107 Da) polyacrylamide (PAM) is commonly used as a flocculant in water and wastewater treatment, as a soil conditioner, and as a viscosity modifier and friction reducer in both enhanced oil recovery and high volume hydraulic fracturing.

How does pH affect the stability of a polyelectrolyte (Pam)?

A thorough review of PAM properties in solution has been reported by Kulicke et al. (1982). The stability of PAM in solutions is affected by pH. At very low or high pH, some of the amide groups are converted to carboxylates via hydrolysis. The resulting polyelectrolyte expands in water, increasing the solution viscosity.

What is hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM)?

Hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM), a derivative resulting from the hydrolysis of PAM, demonstrates significant thickening capabilities in freshwater and at relatively lower temperatures (<75 °C) due to strong intra- and inter-chain electrostatic repulsion of carboxylate groups 14.

What is the molecular weight of Pam?

The molecular weight (MW) of commercial PAM ranges from 10 5 to >10 7 Da. High MW PAM (>10 6 Da) has a wider range of applications due to its high viscosity, drag reduction capabilities, and water retention characteristics. 6, 7, 8 PAM is widely used in environmental systems including: 1. 2. 3.

What are the parameters for a stable colloidal Pam nanoparticle?

The optimal ranges of the parameters variations to produce the stable colloidal PAM nanoparticles with low particle diameter with narrow size distribution, high molecular weight PAM with high intrinsic viscosity are obtained at N = 500–800 rpm, HLB = 6.5, C I = 7.69E-04 mM, C E = 0.5–3.5 wbt%, W/O ratio = 0.3, t r = 120–200 min, and T r = 60 °C.

What is cationic polyacrylamide (C-PAM)?

Cationic polyacrylamide (C-PAM), copolymerized from acrylamide and substituted acrylate or acrylamide segments, offers an alternative to PHPA and exhibits high stability under high TDS conditions 28.