What is partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM)?

Partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM) was widely implemented to improve the rheological properties of displacing fluids, but the high temperature and salinity of the reservoir brine limited their applications.

What is high molecular weight polyacrylamide (PAM)?

Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative High molecular weight (106–3 × 107 Da) polyacrylamide (PAM) is commonly used as a flocculant in water and wastewater treatment, as a soil conditioner, and as a viscosity modifier and friction reducer in both enhanced oil recovery and high volume hydraulic fracturing.

What is partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (PHPA)?

Partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (PHPA), consisting of neutral acrylamide and anionic acrylate groups, is suitable for use in water with <25,000 mg/L TDS 12, 15.

Can polyacrylamide contribute to residual polymer formation?

Common methods for treating PAM are membrane filtration 25, thermal distillation 24, oxidation treatment 26, and biological treatments 27. However, addressing the challenge posed by PAM remains a pressing issue within the industry. Fig. 1: Polyacrylamide and its fragments may contribute to residual polymer formation.

What is photocatalytic degradation of HPAM in water?

Al-Sabahi et al. (2018) reported photocatalytic degradation of ~ 74% of HPAM in produced water using supported zinc oxide nanorods. The photo-degradation reaction is a photon’s energy absorption mechanism, which results in backbone cleavage of the polymer and free radical formation. (Caulfield et al., 2002; Reddy et al., 1994; Xiong et al., 2018).

How to determine charge content in partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamides?

3.2.2. Hydrolysis degree Potentiometric titration is a classical way to determine charge content in partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamides . However, for the partially hydrolyzed HAPAMs used in this work, we found very limited solubilities when they are in the acid form after exchange with cationic resin.