Which polymer is used to produce partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM)?

PAM is used to produce partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM), which is linear, anionic, water-soluble, stable, polymeric, and high molecular weight chain of acrylamide (C 3 H 5 NO) monomers (Bao et al., 2010; Braun et al., 2022; Liu et al., 2016; Xiong et al., 2018).

Which polymers are used in oil fields?

Polymers, such as partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM), are widely used in oil fields to enhance or improve the recovery of crude oil from the reservoirs. It works by increasing the viscosity of the injected water, thus improving its mobility and oil recovery.

How is partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide treated?

Dong L, Su F, Wang YZ. Treatment of partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide by mixed bacteria isolated from wastewater. Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy. 2020;39 (6):e13445. doi: 10.1002/ep.13445. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

Is HPAM a water soluble polymer?

HPAM is a water-soluble, commonly injected polymer into oil reservoirs to improve the water flooding process (Xue et al., 2022; Zhao et al., 2008).

Is polyacrylamide soluble in water?

Polyacrylamide (PAM) is a synthetic polymer of long-chain acrylamide subunits, high molecular weight (1000 to 20 × 10 6 g/mol), and a wide range degree of hydrolysis (Abidin et al., 2012; Joshi & Abed, 2017). It is extremely soluble in water, but not soluble in organic solvents, such as methanol and hydrocarbons (Lu & Wu, 2002; Braun et al., 2022).

What is HPAM viscosity compared to water injection?

HPAM viscosity of 150–1000 cP showed improvement in oil recovery, when compared with water injection (Seright, 2010), but its usage has temperature and salinity restrictions. So, reservoir permeability, rock composition, and oil viscosity are important in the selection of the applied polymer in the field (Abidin et al., 2012).