Is PAC a polymer flocculation catalyst?

The literature also indicates that Al 13 has a molecular scale of 1–2 nm and has a high charge, which is considered to be the most stable active species in PAC. Thus, PAC as “inorganic polymer flocculation catalyst” demonstrated its structural characteristics in the organic synthesis reaction system.

What is polyaluminum chloride (PAC)?

Polyaluminum chloride (PAC) is a classic inorganic polymer material, which has the advantages of easy preparation, low cost, and high efficiency in the field of water treatment and other areas of environmental protection [1, 2].

How much product can be obtained from a polymer flocculant?

When the reaction scale was expanded to 20 mmol, 6.23 g (89%) of product could be obtained. The classic inorganic polymer flocculant—polyaluminum chloride (PAC)—was used as an environmentally friendly, efficient, and recyclable catalyst in the synthesis of Bis (indolyl)methanes (BIMs) compounds for the first time.

What is flocculation in mining waste management?

Introduction Flocculation, the aggregation of ultra-fine particles, is crucial to current mining waste management and is a standard method for dewatering tailings . To address issues with mining waste, flocculants are often used to separate water from solid mineral particles such as clay by enhancing the sedimentation rate .

Can polyacrylamide polymers be used for flocculation?

Protein design for flocculation Synthetic polyacrylamide polymers currently used are generally effective as flocculants fine particles in the size range about 10–100 μm. However, they are not specifically designed for the purpose of flocculating ultra-fine (<10 μm) and clay particles which require higher dose of the polymer.

What is polyaluminum chloride used for?

The classic inorganic polymer flocculant—polyaluminum chloride (PAC)—was used as an environmentally friendly, efficient, and recyclable catalyst in the synthesis of Bis (indolyl)methanes (BIMs) compounds for the first time. The strategy of catalysis is to use PAC as a Lewis acid, which contains different structures of Al–O polynuclear cations.